Optical communication
or optical telecommunication is a process of sending information at a
distance using light as a carrier. The optical communication system
consists of a transmitter or a modulator, a channel and a receiver or a
photo-detector. A transmitter encodes the analog information or signal
into an optical signal; a channel carries the encoded signal from
transmitter to destination, and a receiver reproduces the information
from the encoded optical signal. The most commonly used channel for
optical communication are optical fibers which carries the optical
information to the destination. The light source requirement varies
depending on the application such as long haul communication or local
area network systems. Usually, Light Emitting Diodes (LED’s) are used
for low data rate and short distance applications due to their low power
and bandwidth capabilities.
On the other hand, Laser Diodes are
preferred for high data rate and longer distance transmission
applications due to their high power and high speed capabilities. A
receiver or photo detector converts the light signal into an electrical
signal using photoelectric effect. Most commonly used photo detectors
are avalanche photo diode and PN photo diode which are made of
germanium, silicon and InGaAs and its material composition varies as per
the application’s wavelength requirements. Some of the advantages of
optical communication over copper wire based communication are long
distance signal transmission, transmission security, low attenuation,
high bandwidth, smaller diameter, and light weight structure.
Growing need for faster and reliable
communication networks, increase in number of data centers and rising
adoption of cloud-based services are some of the factors responsible for
the growth of the global optical communication market. Optical
communication systems help to achieve extremely high bandwidth by
transmitting data via light as optic signals. The introduction and
growing adoption of new applications and technologies such as wearable
devices, cloud computing, and Internet of Things (IoT) to address
changing consumer demands is expected to boost the optical communication
market.
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Furthermore, growing use of optical
transceivers to upgrade existing telecommunication networks and launch
of large mega data centers are likely to further push market revenues in
the coming years. With the growing use of internet for smartphones and
mainstream adoption of cloud computing technologies, the data center
application segment is expected to witness significant market share over
the forecast period. Although risks associated with optical network
security because of fiber hacks is anticipated to be the restraining
factor for market growth, growing broadband connectivity in developing
countries and advancements in VoIP, LTE, and 5G network technologies
presents huge market growth opportunities.